What is lung cancer?

Why the lung is very sensitive to pollutants, mainly from tobacco smoke? What happens exactly when does cancer develop? As the body is constructed?

Basic function of the lungs and the origin and incidence of lung cancer offers the following text. He can patients and their families to help understand the disease better. For those interested in offering links to more detailed information and the information used in creating the text sources.

The word cancer is a large group of very different diseases with one thing in common: the uncontrolled division of cells of an organ or tissue. What emerges is a tumor, in German: a tumor.
So-called solid tumors arise from cells of a single organ. They can be benign or malignant, also known as benign or malignant. Lung cancer is one of the malignant solid tumors. Benign tumors of the lung are rare.

Malignant tumors are characterized by the fact that they control the normal growth of the organism are removed. The altered cells proliferate unchecked. They grow into surrounding tissue and destroy it. You can enter lymphatic vessels and bloodstream and enter the blood and lymph to other organs of the body. There you can locate the cells and solid tumors re-grow - it caused secondary tumors, called metastases. Even lung cancer may be affected resulting in metastasis to lymph nodes, for example, brain or bone.

In contrast to solid tumors are leukemias, lymphomas, originating from the bone marrow and the cells of the hematopoietic and the immune system and affect the entire body. Some lymphomas may arise from tumor cells, however, nodes or tumors that are similar to solid tumors. Such lymphoma can also affect the lungs, they are not as lung cancer in the strict sense and are therefore not discussed in this text. Patients who are diagnosed with lymphoma in the chest find more information in the text " Malignant lymphoma ".

HIV mother caesarean section to a boy baby is affected by the infection a year after the know

Pregnant, only to find that he is an AIDS patient, a 34-year-old Mei (a pseudonym) decided to risk giving birth to the unborn child. The signs of the day before yesterday evening, with the labor of her, were immediately sent to the Chengdu Infectious Disease Hospital. Xiaomei has irregular contractions which will increase the chance of fetal infection with AIDS. Immediately, the doctor for her implementation of Caesarean section.

The night before 7 am, were immediately sent to the Chengdu Infectious Disease Hospital, Xiaomei has been a labor aura. "In the morning did not eat 'PMTCT' medicine!" Mei told the doctor during pregnancy, she did not regulate the taking PMTCT drugs. Must immediately Caesarean section! "Dr Min Zhou said Xiaomei had symptoms of irregular contractions, and will soon develop irregular contractions, will increase the likelihood of infants infected with HIV.

"Compared with ordinary caesarean section, the biggest difference is a higher risk of surgery," said Zhou Min, in order to prevent infection, the medical staff than normal Caesarean section to wear two layers of surgical gowns and armed to the teeth to wear gloves. goggles, face shields and straps, and surgical instruments are passed through the instrument panel, avoid doctors injuries are infected.

What is cystic fibrosis?

What is cystic fibrosis? 
Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known as cystic fibrosis, cystic fibrosis or cystic fibrosis is a common genetic diseases. This disease will affect the patient's body, resulting in a gradual movement difficulties, and premature death. The most common symptom is difficulty breathing because of long-term repeated lung infections caused by other possible symptoms include sinusitis, dysplasia, diarrhea and infertility.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease that occurs most frequently among the European or Jews, for every 25 people of European descent will have a carriers, which this disease is very common in Europe and the United States. Prenatal extract amniotic fluid for genetic analysis or sweat to check in early childhood can easily diagnosis the disease. Although the diagnosis is simple, but this disease is not yet curable therapy or drugs, the majority of patients with lung failure leading to death in two, the age of thirty because the only way to delay only lung transplant. One year after the transplant survival rate is 80%, five-year survival is 55%.

Cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, CFTR) of the mutation caused the gene responsible for making sweat, digestive juices and a variety of mucus. Most normal people have a normal gene, but in fact only need one of which is normal enough, when this is not normal when the two genes in the gene occurs in cystic fibrosis This is because this disease is caused by recessive inheritance.

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia, the lungs of alveolar emergence of the symptoms of inflammation. Pneumonia can occur in people of any age, but for the young and the elderly, and for those with poor immune deficiency syndrome or the immune system is a high-risk patients. They are more vulnerable to get disease. For others, their body's own immune system have the ability to fight mild infection. The general will prescribe antibiotics to treat. If the condition is serious, can be fatal.

Symptoms of Pneumonia
Common symptoms
     -   Spit : a yellowish green
     -   High fever : the temperature at least 39.5 ° C or 103 ° F
     -  Chills: usually associated with chills (rigors)
     -  Cough : serious when they feel chest pain
     -  Chest pain: was violent or acupuncture-like chest pain sense. Deep breathing or coughing, chest pain, flu is more apparent.
     -  Breathing is shallow and too fast:
     -  Shortness of breath:

    Rare symptoms
    -  Coughing up blood
    -  Headache , including migraine
    -  Excessive sweating and sticky (clammy) skin
    -  Loss of appetite
    -  Too tired
    -  Pale

If you do not treat pneumonia, may result in sepsis and acute respiratory failure syndrome. They are the main cause of death in patients without treatment.

Hepatitis B treatment methods and goals

The HBV how it treated? What is the treatment of hepatitis B? Treatment of hepatitis B has been the problem of the medical profession. We know that hepatitis B is a contagious disease, so the hepatitis B treatment has become an issue of concern, even if it will be infectious and strong hepatitis B HBeAg positive hepatitis B treatment into or. However, in the face of the divergent views of the factions, the face of overwhelming hepatitis B treatment of advertising, the face of the one deceived, hepatitis B patients confused. So, in the end the hepatitis B how to treat it? What is the treatment of hepatitis B? Hepatitis B treatment a lot of controversy, but remained generally can not be separated from the four main points.

Hepatitis B treatment is mainly reflected in the four-point: to seize the opportunity to choose the right program, long-standing, rigorous life. Here we detail for:

A good grasp of the timing of hepatitis B treatment is the key:
Most people know that they are hepatitis B, regardless of that he is not in the immune tolerance of the blind to seek hepatitis B treatment, hepatitis B antiviral, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, looking forward to as soon as possible hepatitis B rule Well, the effect of hepatitis B treatment is often not satisfactory, but increase the burden to the family. Some even aggravate the disease, the treatment of hepatitis B is more difficult, more difficult to control the disease. Therefore, in the specific treatment of hepatitis B, hepatitis B treatment is to grasp the opportunity is the key.

The timing of hepatitis B treatment: transaminase more than twice as normal, indicating that the body's immune system is activated, began with the exclusion of hepatitis B virus reaction, while the liver cells of inflammatory injury, and this was the best time of hepatitis B antiviral therapy . The body's immune system with antiviral drugs to combat hepatitis B virus, in order to achieve a more satisfactory anti-viral effect. Unable to determine whether antiviral therapy, it is recommended to be a liver puncture, and be able to determine that there is no need to hepatitis B antiviral treatment.

The hepatitis B vaccine can prevent liver cancer

Worldwide, up to 80% of liver cancer and hepatitis B virus infection in China, 71 percent of liver cancer by the hepatitis B evolved. Professor Zhang Meihui-based research, the World Health Organization (WHO) that hepatitis B vaccine is the only vaccine that can prevent primary liver cancer and hepatitis B vaccine to prevent hepatitis B is most effective, safe and economical method.

Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of mother to child transmission, Professor Zhang Meihui: with HBsAg positive is the highest risk mothers and their infants is most difficult to prevent the success rate in the small-scale clinical trials in the past when everyone can reach more than 90% of the benefits of prevention, but wait until the comprehensive implementation of his achievements did not like the small-scale so well, generally statistics seem, the whole look something about Eighty - five, then the HBsAg-negative mother and negative mother gives birth to a child, he is very good, small-scale study looks close to 100% can be prevented success, the entire large-scale look close to 100 percent, but they really produce the antibody status of not so high, means they are probably there may be almost about 5% of the children does not really produce a good antibody response.

Strengthening the crowd outside the neonatal hepatitis B vaccination

In 1992, China's Ministry of Health hepatitis B vaccine into children's immunization management, and promulgated the "National Hepatitis B vaccine immunization plan"; 2002, the State Council approved the hepatitis B vaccine into children's immunization of children in large cities since the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate is significantly reduced. HBsAg carriers to reduce the number of 20 million. However, the whole of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier rate has not decreased significantly, particularly relative to the World Health Organization on the global hepatitis B control goal is still a considerable gap. Ministry of Health in 2005 hepatitis B as AIDS, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis focus on control of infectious diseases. Proposed on the basis of further improve neonatal immunization in people that are outside the neonatal hepatitis B vaccination strategies.

Hepatitis B antiviral treatment on three key issues

Hepatitis B antiviral therapy has reached a consensus. What patients need treatment? Which drug treatment? When to stop treatment? Every doctors and patients are most concerned about problems at home and abroad a hot topic of chronic hepatitis B prevention and treatment guidelines.

Disease progression of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus replication significantly correlated. Taiwan REVEAL study confirmed that the load of the hepatitis B virus DNA (HBVDNA) with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was positively correlated. Another study confirmed that the e antigen-positive high-risk factors for primary liver cancer. Therefore, effective suppression of hepatitis B virus replication, HBVDNA sustained suppression (real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in the detection of less than, the equivalent of 50 to 90 copies / ml) to achieve e antigen seroconversion, may slow disease progression, reduce liver sclerosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and to extend the life of a patient, to improve the quality of life.

Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B have reached a consensus. What patients need treatment? Which drug treatment? When to stop treatment? Every doctor and patient are most concerned about, the American Society for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the Asia-Pacific Liver Research Institute (APASL), the European Society of Study of the Liver (EASL) chronic hepatitis B prevention guidelines hot topic.

How to reduce vomiting after chemotherapy

About 80% of cancer patients need chemotherapy, and nausea, and vomiting are the most common gastrointestinal side effects in the chemotherapy, often in some patients difficult to accept the expected treatment, and even a fear, thus affecting the efficacy. Of chemotherapy-induced vomiting is a very complex process of pathological reflex, and the vomiting center of the medulla oblongata and the District of chemosensory stimulation by the anti-cancer drug metabolites.

In general, chemotherapy drugs, the incidence of vomiting caused by varying degrees. Vomiting rate of single-agent cisplatin, vomiting and a higher rate of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and other emetogenic effect is relatively weak with methotrexate, vincristine.

Select the appropriate anti-spit means necessary. First of all, should be based on age, gender, initial treatment or retreatment, individual status, patients with vomiting risk assessment, choose the means of prevention as early as possible, to help patients maintain a good mood, to avoid self-suggestion, and actively cooperate with treatment. Secondly, should be reasonable, effective use of antiemetic drugs, such as metoclopramide, dexamethasone, conventional pretreatment before chemotherapy.