What is lung cancer?

Why the lung is very sensitive to pollutants, mainly from tobacco smoke? What happens exactly when does cancer develop? As the body is constructed?

Basic function of the lungs and the origin and incidence of lung cancer offers the following text. He can patients and their families to help understand the disease better. For those interested in offering links to more detailed information and the information used in creating the text sources.

The word cancer is a large group of very different diseases with one thing in common: the uncontrolled division of cells of an organ or tissue. What emerges is a tumor, in German: a tumor.
So-called solid tumors arise from cells of a single organ. They can be benign or malignant, also known as benign or malignant. Lung cancer is one of the malignant solid tumors. Benign tumors of the lung are rare.

Malignant tumors are characterized by the fact that they control the normal growth of the organism are removed. The altered cells proliferate unchecked. They grow into surrounding tissue and destroy it. You can enter lymphatic vessels and bloodstream and enter the blood and lymph to other organs of the body. There you can locate the cells and solid tumors re-grow - it caused secondary tumors, called metastases. Even lung cancer may be affected resulting in metastasis to lymph nodes, for example, brain or bone.

In contrast to solid tumors are leukemias, lymphomas, originating from the bone marrow and the cells of the hematopoietic and the immune system and affect the entire body. Some lymphomas may arise from tumor cells, however, nodes or tumors that are similar to solid tumors. Such lymphoma can also affect the lungs, they are not as lung cancer in the strict sense and are therefore not discussed in this text. Patients who are diagnosed with lymphoma in the chest find more information in the text " Malignant lymphoma ".

HIV mother caesarean section to a boy baby is affected by the infection a year after the know

Pregnant, only to find that he is an AIDS patient, a 34-year-old Mei (a pseudonym) decided to risk giving birth to the unborn child. The signs of the day before yesterday evening, with the labor of her, were immediately sent to the Chengdu Infectious Disease Hospital. Xiaomei has irregular contractions which will increase the chance of fetal infection with AIDS. Immediately, the doctor for her implementation of Caesarean section.

The night before 7 am, were immediately sent to the Chengdu Infectious Disease Hospital, Xiaomei has been a labor aura. "In the morning did not eat 'PMTCT' medicine!" Mei told the doctor during pregnancy, she did not regulate the taking PMTCT drugs. Must immediately Caesarean section! "Dr Min Zhou said Xiaomei had symptoms of irregular contractions, and will soon develop irregular contractions, will increase the likelihood of infants infected with HIV.

"Compared with ordinary caesarean section, the biggest difference is a higher risk of surgery," said Zhou Min, in order to prevent infection, the medical staff than normal Caesarean section to wear two layers of surgical gowns and armed to the teeth to wear gloves. goggles, face shields and straps, and surgical instruments are passed through the instrument panel, avoid doctors injuries are infected.

What is cystic fibrosis?

What is cystic fibrosis? 
Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known as cystic fibrosis, cystic fibrosis or cystic fibrosis is a common genetic diseases. This disease will affect the patient's body, resulting in a gradual movement difficulties, and premature death. The most common symptom is difficulty breathing because of long-term repeated lung infections caused by other possible symptoms include sinusitis, dysplasia, diarrhea and infertility.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease that occurs most frequently among the European or Jews, for every 25 people of European descent will have a carriers, which this disease is very common in Europe and the United States. Prenatal extract amniotic fluid for genetic analysis or sweat to check in early childhood can easily diagnosis the disease. Although the diagnosis is simple, but this disease is not yet curable therapy or drugs, the majority of patients with lung failure leading to death in two, the age of thirty because the only way to delay only lung transplant. One year after the transplant survival rate is 80%, five-year survival is 55%.

Cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, CFTR) of the mutation caused the gene responsible for making sweat, digestive juices and a variety of mucus. Most normal people have a normal gene, but in fact only need one of which is normal enough, when this is not normal when the two genes in the gene occurs in cystic fibrosis This is because this disease is caused by recessive inheritance.

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia, the lungs of alveolar emergence of the symptoms of inflammation. Pneumonia can occur in people of any age, but for the young and the elderly, and for those with poor immune deficiency syndrome or the immune system is a high-risk patients. They are more vulnerable to get disease. For others, their body's own immune system have the ability to fight mild infection. The general will prescribe antibiotics to treat. If the condition is serious, can be fatal.

Symptoms of Pneumonia
Common symptoms
     -   Spit : a yellowish green
     -   High fever : the temperature at least 39.5 ° C or 103 ° F
     -  Chills: usually associated with chills (rigors)
     -  Cough : serious when they feel chest pain
     -  Chest pain: was violent or acupuncture-like chest pain sense. Deep breathing or coughing, chest pain, flu is more apparent.
     -  Breathing is shallow and too fast:
     -  Shortness of breath:

    Rare symptoms
    -  Coughing up blood
    -  Headache , including migraine
    -  Excessive sweating and sticky (clammy) skin
    -  Loss of appetite
    -  Too tired
    -  Pale

If you do not treat pneumonia, may result in sepsis and acute respiratory failure syndrome. They are the main cause of death in patients without treatment.

Hepatitis B treatment methods and goals

The HBV how it treated? What is the treatment of hepatitis B? Treatment of hepatitis B has been the problem of the medical profession. We know that hepatitis B is a contagious disease, so the hepatitis B treatment has become an issue of concern, even if it will be infectious and strong hepatitis B HBeAg positive hepatitis B treatment into or. However, in the face of the divergent views of the factions, the face of overwhelming hepatitis B treatment of advertising, the face of the one deceived, hepatitis B patients confused. So, in the end the hepatitis B how to treat it? What is the treatment of hepatitis B? Hepatitis B treatment a lot of controversy, but remained generally can not be separated from the four main points.

Hepatitis B treatment is mainly reflected in the four-point: to seize the opportunity to choose the right program, long-standing, rigorous life. Here we detail for:

A good grasp of the timing of hepatitis B treatment is the key:
Most people know that they are hepatitis B, regardless of that he is not in the immune tolerance of the blind to seek hepatitis B treatment, hepatitis B antiviral, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, looking forward to as soon as possible hepatitis B rule Well, the effect of hepatitis B treatment is often not satisfactory, but increase the burden to the family. Some even aggravate the disease, the treatment of hepatitis B is more difficult, more difficult to control the disease. Therefore, in the specific treatment of hepatitis B, hepatitis B treatment is to grasp the opportunity is the key.

The timing of hepatitis B treatment: transaminase more than twice as normal, indicating that the body's immune system is activated, began with the exclusion of hepatitis B virus reaction, while the liver cells of inflammatory injury, and this was the best time of hepatitis B antiviral therapy . The body's immune system with antiviral drugs to combat hepatitis B virus, in order to achieve a more satisfactory anti-viral effect. Unable to determine whether antiviral therapy, it is recommended to be a liver puncture, and be able to determine that there is no need to hepatitis B antiviral treatment.

The hepatitis B vaccine can prevent liver cancer

Worldwide, up to 80% of liver cancer and hepatitis B virus infection in China, 71 percent of liver cancer by the hepatitis B evolved. Professor Zhang Meihui-based research, the World Health Organization (WHO) that hepatitis B vaccine is the only vaccine that can prevent primary liver cancer and hepatitis B vaccine to prevent hepatitis B is most effective, safe and economical method.

Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of mother to child transmission, Professor Zhang Meihui: with HBsAg positive is the highest risk mothers and their infants is most difficult to prevent the success rate in the small-scale clinical trials in the past when everyone can reach more than 90% of the benefits of prevention, but wait until the comprehensive implementation of his achievements did not like the small-scale so well, generally statistics seem, the whole look something about Eighty - five, then the HBsAg-negative mother and negative mother gives birth to a child, he is very good, small-scale study looks close to 100% can be prevented success, the entire large-scale look close to 100 percent, but they really produce the antibody status of not so high, means they are probably there may be almost about 5% of the children does not really produce a good antibody response.

Strengthening the crowd outside the neonatal hepatitis B vaccination

In 1992, China's Ministry of Health hepatitis B vaccine into children's immunization management, and promulgated the "National Hepatitis B vaccine immunization plan"; 2002, the State Council approved the hepatitis B vaccine into children's immunization of children in large cities since the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate is significantly reduced. HBsAg carriers to reduce the number of 20 million. However, the whole of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier rate has not decreased significantly, particularly relative to the World Health Organization on the global hepatitis B control goal is still a considerable gap. Ministry of Health in 2005 hepatitis B as AIDS, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis focus on control of infectious diseases. Proposed on the basis of further improve neonatal immunization in people that are outside the neonatal hepatitis B vaccination strategies.

Hepatitis B antiviral treatment on three key issues

Hepatitis B antiviral therapy has reached a consensus. What patients need treatment? Which drug treatment? When to stop treatment? Every doctors and patients are most concerned about problems at home and abroad a hot topic of chronic hepatitis B prevention and treatment guidelines.

Disease progression of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus replication significantly correlated. Taiwan REVEAL study confirmed that the load of the hepatitis B virus DNA (HBVDNA) with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was positively correlated. Another study confirmed that the e antigen-positive high-risk factors for primary liver cancer. Therefore, effective suppression of hepatitis B virus replication, HBVDNA sustained suppression (real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in the detection of less than, the equivalent of 50 to 90 copies / ml) to achieve e antigen seroconversion, may slow disease progression, reduce liver sclerosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and to extend the life of a patient, to improve the quality of life.

Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B have reached a consensus. What patients need treatment? Which drug treatment? When to stop treatment? Every doctor and patient are most concerned about, the American Society for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the Asia-Pacific Liver Research Institute (APASL), the European Society of Study of the Liver (EASL) chronic hepatitis B prevention guidelines hot topic.

How to reduce vomiting after chemotherapy

About 80% of cancer patients need chemotherapy, and nausea, and vomiting are the most common gastrointestinal side effects in the chemotherapy, often in some patients difficult to accept the expected treatment, and even a fear, thus affecting the efficacy. Of chemotherapy-induced vomiting is a very complex process of pathological reflex, and the vomiting center of the medulla oblongata and the District of chemosensory stimulation by the anti-cancer drug metabolites.

In general, chemotherapy drugs, the incidence of vomiting caused by varying degrees. Vomiting rate of single-agent cisplatin, vomiting and a higher rate of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and other emetogenic effect is relatively weak with methotrexate, vincristine.

Select the appropriate anti-spit means necessary. First of all, should be based on age, gender, initial treatment or retreatment, individual status, patients with vomiting risk assessment, choose the means of prevention as early as possible, to help patients maintain a good mood, to avoid self-suggestion, and actively cooperate with treatment. Secondly, should be reasonable, effective use of antiemetic drugs, such as metoclopramide, dexamethasone, conventional pretreatment before chemotherapy.

11.4 percent of urban water supply quality is not up to the peripheral water compliance rate of nearly

In recent years, the relevant departments to further increase the input into the work of urban and rural drinking water safety, and significantly speed up the project construction, supervision and continuing to strengthen the overall security of the drinking water situation. In 2011, the national cities public water works factory water sample compliance rate was 83.0 percent, cities officially designated and the county's public water supply peripheral water of sample compliance rate of 79.6%. At present about 85% above the prefectural level cities nationwide centralized drinking water source designated a protected area, the preparation of a water source protection planning, urban drinking water compliance rate basically stable at around 80%. Centralized water supply of rural population increased by 40% to 58%, significantly improve water quality and level.

The report also pointed out that the current work, there are still responsibilities are not in place, the system is not perfect, the facilities do not match other issues.

Urban drinking water sources

Water quality conditions are not optimistic
On urban water security, the report pointed out that the water quality of the water source is not optimistic. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection 2011 survey shows that centralized drinking water sources in the state of the environment on the city level and above, about 3.57 billion cubic meters of water quality is not up to 11.4% of the total water supply. The problem of lake eutrophication, frequent algal blooms, river water security risk, prone to sudden water pollution incident. Laid a large number of industrial projects in the rivers along the coast, many of the tailing pond is located upstream of the drinking water source, the major rivers and the surrounding mobile source pollution risk, a direct threat to the safety of drinking water.

In some areas the water supply capacity is insufficient. Some areas, particularly in the southwest water project construction has seriously lagged behind the project water shortage very acute problem; Northwest regional resource water shortage problems in long-term can not be resolved. Urban water supply coverage of central and western regions were 85.0% and 87.4%, lower than the national average, the county and the towns water supply coverage was 85.1% and 79.6% respectively, below the city level.

Urgent need to improve laws and regulations, and supporting policies. "Urban Water Supply Regulations have been promulgated and implemented 18 years, part of the contents can not meet the new regulatory requirements, lack of market access exit mechanism. Enterprises to enter the water market currently does not have any access threshold, some local governments in the introduction of the partners, focusing on capital while ignoring the capacity and performance of the exit mechanism is not established.

The report pointed out that the price of water by residents affordability and other factors is difficult to promptly adjust in place, unable to protect the facilities renovation and overhaul costs, water supply companies unable to put into, and also a lack of reconstruction and construction of water supply facilities. According to preliminary statistics, as of the end of 2011, the loss of the public water supply enterprises 31%, the balance is higher than 50%.

Rural water supply facilities

Remains weak
On rural drinking water security, the report pointed out that the rural drinking water safety task is still arduous. Overall, rural water supply facilities is still relatively weak. The construction and management difficult. Complex natural and geographical conditions in rural areas, the population live in scattered, economic and social development level is not high, the investment needs of water supply projects, engineering and construction standards, some areas do not have the conditions can only take measures to solve the problem of drinking water dispersed or single village water supply project.

The long-term project run mechanism to be further improved. The relatively small size of the rural water supply project, the high cost of water supply, the price of water is not in place, it is difficult to achieve the professional management of the establishment of engineering benign operation mechanism is difficult. As of the end of 2010, the country had built a centralized rural water supply project, 90 percent of single-village water supply project; the national rural drinking water safety projects an average price of water is also less than the full cost, the vast majority of works can only maintain the daily operation, water fees only to cover the operating costs can not be full extraction projects depreciation and overhaul costs, do not have the ability to overhaul and renovation.

Water conservation and water quality protection is relatively weak. Complex type of drinking water sources in rural areas, small-scale, widely distributed, the problem of agricultural nonpoint source pollution, as well as domestic sewage, industrial wastewater discharge standards, water source protection is difficult, and the protection measures is difficult to fully implement, even in the southern part of the water resources are relatively rich regions is also difficult to find qualified water. The absence of special funds, in some places the lack of water quality testing equipment and professional and technical personnel, water quality testing work is weak.

The report also pointed out that in some areas, grass-roots management and technical forces. In recent years, rural drinking water safety project construction efforts to increase the project time is tight, and heavy task, but in most parts of rural drinking water safety engineering and management strength and no corresponding increase in staff training lag, not the overall quality of the service system is not perfect engineering professional management is not high.

Rural drinking water safety issues

Comprehensive settlement of the 2015
The report pointed out, the next step will continue to take strong measures to further promote the safety of drinking water protection.

Speed ​​up the renovation and construction of urban water supply facilities. "12th Five-Year" period, priority upgrade correctional facilities behind a water supply plant to solve the problems of cities officially designated and county water plant effluent can not be stable targets. Strengthen the construction of emergency water supply capacity and improve the response to the sudden water pollution and natural disasters, water supply security capabilities.

Strengthen the construction and management of rural drinking water safety projects. Conscientiously implement the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project "12th Five-Year Plan", 2015, a comprehensive solution to rural drinking water safety issues, so that the centralized water supply of rural population had risen to about 80%.

Strengthen the monitoring capacity-building. Accelerate the capacity building of national water resources monitoring, about three years time, the construction of 14000 taking water users, water function area and provincial boundary section, state-controlled monitoring points. Accelerate the national groundwater monitoring project to improve the national groundwater quality and quantity dynamic monitoring system, the implementation of dynamic monitoring of groundwater quality, the water level, building a modern groundwater monitoring network. Implementation of co-management of health supervision in the township health centers and other primary health care institutions, the establishment of drinking water, health and safety person responsible, to strengthen drinking water, health and safety inspections, to expand the scope of monitoring to cover all prefecture-level cities in 2015.

Improve the investment and financing mechanisms. Establish both without losing government control, can inspire social capital into the urban water supply investment and financing mechanisms to attract private capital investment in building water supply facilities, the study of public funds into the relevant policies of the urban water supply industry. Establish and improve market access for exit mechanism.

Strengthening public participation. Timely publication of the excessive extraction of groundwater and pollution monitoring information, and to encourage water companies reporting the status of the quality of water supplies, the implementation of rural drinking water safety project construction and management of the publicity system to allow the public to fully enjoy the right. To establish and improve public participation and oversight mechanisms.

Experts Message About Lung Cancer

Through the introduction of several experts today, the treatment of lung cancer have a clear understanding, we know where to go see a doctor about the process of what kind of treatment to achieve what level.

Close to the 2012 National Cancer Awareness Week, experts with one or two sentences Message 2012 National Cancer Awareness Week.

Xiuyi: this year the National Cancer Awareness Week theme is still "scientific anti-cancer, care for life. April 15 we will be held in Beijing Medical Oncology Hospital, the 18th National Cancer Prevention and Awareness Week launch of the provinces and cities nationwide anti-cancer Association and the Professional Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, the major Cancer Hospital and Medical Center will to carry out a series of media interviews, and free medical consultation, science, educational and health auditorium activities.

We hope to use once a year, the National Cancer Awareness Week activities, cancer can be preventable and treatable transmission of information to the community. To change unhealthy lifestyle can prevent cancer, early detection of cancer by physical examination and screening programs can better cure of the tumor through a standardized diagnosis and treatment of behavior through existing clinics means to improve cancer treatment, the maximum limits to ensure that the patient's quality of life.

lung cancer treatment standardization needs to be done?

The patient must first clear treatment goals and philosophy, not because some of their own unrealistic expectations and the last resulted in treatment is not satisfactory. Also the standardization of tumor treatment is very important. Support Professor tell us about lung cancer treatment standardization needs to be done?

Twenty years ago, the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and the Chinese Medical Association has organized experts to develop a series of tumor clinical diagnostic and treatment practices, including lung cancer diagnostic and treatment practices. Time has passed so many years, new technologies, new drugs and new ideas abound. The past 10 years, we have more of a draw NCCN Lung Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines in the United States, but, after all, different national conditions, economic development, health care resources, the level of medical technology and health care reimbursement with the United States are not the same. 

In 2010-2011, the Ministry of Health has been under the direct instructions of the leaders of the State Council, prepared by the leading experts of the organization of national lung cancer of Chinese patients with primary lung cancer diagnostic and treatment practices. Is also based on the current situation of our country clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer is not standardized, the same disease in different areas, different hospitals, and even different disciplines in the same hospital, the same sections of different doctors, treatment options are not the same.

Non-standard diagnosis and treatment of behavior does to patients and social chaos in some areas of doctor-patient relationship or medical disputes an important factor. Combined with the current situation, especially the uneven regional medical resources in China, the medical standards are inconsistent, and formulate our own country of primary lung cancer diagnostic and treatment practices.

Advanced Lung Cancer Treatment Targets And Drug Therapy

Therapeutic targets and drug therapy of advanced lung cancer
After through discussion, each department's doctors on the treatment of a disease, an opportunity to learn, and later met this patient, there will be a more reasonable treatment and sequencing. We talked about earlier in locally advanced. Next we look at the late stage patients. For patients with advanced medical treatment is the main method. Professor Zhang to tell us about, what is the late stage of lung cancer patients, drug treatment what progress?

Tension: Advanced lung cancer is the most encountered in our clinical lung cancer, symptoms of discomfort because of the lack of early stage lung cancer, newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer accounted for 85% of all lung cancer patients, the recent increase in popularity of healthy rate of early diagnosis, out-patients in late accounted for 70%, so with advanced lung cancer patients in the majority.

The Zhi Xiuyi: No clinical symptoms of early stage lung cancer, especially peripheral lung cancer. So once the clinical symptoms, including hoarseness, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, pathologic fractures, are the typical symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Would like to add that yes, must attach importance to the timely detection of early lung cancer. Smokers smoked more than 20 or 30 years old, lung cancer and high incidence of the people of the region, the elderly over the age of 55 a year to do a healthy, especially for these high-risk groups of lung cancer, it must be done chest spiral CT.

Natural therapies to keep me from the stomach Problems

I joined the army after suffering stomach. Then arrived in Sichuan, agitated, and loss of appetite, insomnia, anxiety, in particular not used to spicy to eat, speak, the belly is too hot flustered uncomfortable. Whenever meals when others are hungry appetite, I either have no known hungry, or stomach pain, the doctor diagnosed I had suffered from severe gastritis.
   
Medication in the army doctor was "disgraceful" thing, so as a last resort I will not go to the doctor, but try to inquire about having to ask for therapy. Hard work pays off, I really have to find some way to make me stay away from stomach trouble.

Psychotherapy
Coincided with stomach problems, knitted brows difficult the development of his comrades shouted suddenly heard my letter, I was overjoyed, and immediately went to get the letter, carried out with great interest the letter from home to read but also read, everything gradually calmed, it was found feeling of stomach pain have disappeared long ago, and the appetite good. The original mood is a happy, no stomach pain. In addition, it is an unpleasant experience, girlfriend wrote that: "We can not!" I started for no apparent reason, diarrhea, stomach croak, not long after onset of stomach pain, upset ... on the University after the, is the psychological factors at work.

Psychological abnormalities can lead to stomach upset, stomach also can affect the mood of the people, past attacks seem inexplicable to upset, and even losing her temper.

U.S. researchers made the super-aspirin efficacy Strong is about 25 times

U.S. researchers two aspirin derivatives mixed together to make a "super aspirin. The experimental results show that this new type of aspirin can inhibit the growth of more than ten kinds of cancer, and non-destructive mice normal cells. The researchers said the "super aspirin developed into drugs people are still a few years.

Derivatives of a mixture of
City College of New York researchers published this month, "American Chemical Society Drug Chemical Letters papers wrote that this new type of aspirin can inhibit colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, leukemia and other 11 kinds of malignant cell growth, and not prejudicial to the normal cells.

This "super" aspirin called nitric oxide hydrogen sulfide (NOSH) aspirin, a mixture of previously developed two aspirin derivatives, a derivative of the release of nitric oxide, help protect the gastric mucosa, another release of hydrogen sulfide to enhance the ability of aspirin cancer.

The researchers found that mixing up of two kinds of derivatives more secure than any one alone; on anti-cancer effect in terms of a mixture of aspirin stronger than nitric oxide 1.5 times, 80 times stronger than the hydrogen sulfide aspirin.

The British medical journal Lancet published a study at the University of Oxford on the 21st day aspirin tablets can effectively reduce the incidence of many types of cancer and cancer treatment.

The study showed that aspirin can prevent cancer cells and platelet binding, thereby blocking the cancer cells spread, have played a certain effect in the treatment of colorectal, breast and other common types of cancer.

Research team under the leadership of Professor Peter Roswell, the object of more than 70,000 randomly selected 51 groups of tests and found that daily aspirin for cancer patients than in patients with cancer do not take the spread of the probability of 1/3, it was diagnosed in patients with the cancer cells will be substantially the spread of cancer cell proliferation rate in the aspirin only half of the expected.